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Learn English with Quirks & Quarks

Love is a Drug

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Published: 3.25.2022
Level 5   |   Time: 4:29
Accent: Canadian, British
Source: Quirks & Quarks (2.11.2022)

TOEFL: Evolutionary anthropologist Anna Machin explains why love has many of the physiological addictive properties of drug addicition.

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You can download the file [ HERE ].

    

triangle Directions 목표 Direcciones Instruções

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  1. READ the VOCABULARY

    It is important to read the vocabulary before you watch the video. This will improve your ability to understand the video. It will also help you understand how the new vocabulary is used naturally.

  2. WATCH the VIDEO

    The first time you watch the video, just try to understand the overall situation.

  3. ANSWER the QUESTIONS

    First try to answer all the questions from memory. Then rewatch the video and try to answer the questions that you missed.

  4. WATCH and READ the SCRIPT

    Watch the video again while you read the script. Reading and listening at the same time will help you hear each individual word and improve your listening accuracy.

  5. DO the ACTIVITIES

    There are several different activities that focus on test preparation, vocabulary, grammar, and sentence structure.

  1. LEA el VOCABULARIO

    Es importante leer el vocabulario antes de ver el video. Esto mejorará su capacidad para comprender el video. También le ayudará a comprender cómo se usa el nuevo vocabulario de forma natural.

  2. VER el VIDEO

    La primera vez que vea el video, intente comprender la situación general.

  3. RESPONDE a las PREGUNTAS

    Primero intente responder todas las preguntas de memoria. Luego, vuelva a ver el video e intente responder las preguntas que se perdió.

  4. MIRAR Y LEER

    Mire el video nuevamente mientras lee el guión. Leer y escuchar al mismo tiempo lo ayudará a escuchar cada palabra individual y mejorará su precisión auditiva.

  5. HACER LAS ACTIVIDADES

    Hay una serie de actividades diferentes que se centran en la preparación de la examen, el vocabulario, la gramática y la estructura de las oraciones.

  1. 어휘 읽기

    비디오를 보기 전에 어휘와 배경을 읽는 것이 중요합니다. 이렇게 하면 비디오를 이해하는 능력이 향상됩니다. 또한 새로운 어휘가 어떻게 자연스럽게 사용되는지 이해하는데 도움이됩니다.

  2. 비디오 보기

    비디오를 처음 볼 때 전체 상황을 이해하려고 노력하세요.

  3. 문제에 답하기

    먼저 모든 질문에 답을 해보세요. 그런 다음 비디오를 다시보고 놓친 질문에 답해보세요.

  4. 비디오 보면서 대본 읽기

    대본을 읽는 동안 비디오를 다시 보세요. 읽기와 듣기를 동시에 하면 각각의 단어를 듣고, 듣기 정확도를 향상시킬 수 있습니다.

  5. 액티비티 하기

    듣기 정확도, 발음, 어휘, 문법 및 문장 구조에 초점을 맞춘 다양한 액티비티가 있습니다.

  1. LER o VOCABULÁRIO

    É importante ler o vocabulário antes de assistir ao vídeo. Isso melhorará sua capacidade de entender o vídeo. Também ajudará você a entender como o novo vocabulário é usado naturalmente.

  2. ASSISTA ao VÍDEO

    Na primeira vez que assistir ao vídeo, tente entender a situação geral.

  3. RESPONDA às PERGUNTAS

    Primeiro, tente responder a todas as perguntas de memória. Em seguida, assista novamente ao vídeo e tente responder às perguntas que você errou.

  4. ASSISTA e LEIA o SCRIPT

    Assista ao vídeo novamente enquanto lê o roteiro. Ler e ouvir ao mesmo tempo ajudará você a ouvir cada palavra individualmente e a melhorar sua precisão auditiva.

  5. FAÇA as ATIVIDADES

    Existem várias atividades diferentes que se concentram na preparação para o teste, vocabulário, gramática e estrutura de frases.

triangle Vocabulary 어휘 Vocabulário Vocabulario

  • ☐ ☐ ☐ equip (us) [v] - give (us)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ a species [n] - a group of living organisms that can produce babies (e.g. Homo sapiens)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ arguably [adv] - probably
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ decades [n] - 10s of years
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ an anomaly [n] - something that is unusual
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ a quirk [n] - something that is unusual
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ anatomical [adj] - related to body shape or structure
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ the birth canal [n] - the part of the woman's body through which a baby is born
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ coordinate [v] - work together
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ hierarchies [n] - a ranked or unequal system of organizing
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ carry out [phv] - do
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ carry on [phv] - continue
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ bribery [n] - giving a bribe
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ survival critical relationships [exp] - relationships between people that are important to survive
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ deep biological roots [exp] - caused by genetics and evolution
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ addiction [n] - physically and mentally dependent on something, and not able to stop using it
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ neurochemicals [n] - chemicals in the brain
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ come into the mix [exp] - join the system or situation
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ oxytocin [n] - a hormone that is involved in childbirth and breast-feeding, associated with empathy and relationships, sometimes called the "love hormone"
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ dopamine [n] - a chemical in the body that is related to pleasure
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ serotonin [n] - a hormone that helps to stabilize moods and regulate happiness
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ beta endorphin [n] - a hormone that helps regulate body functions (appetite, body temperature)
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ stick around [phv] - stay
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ crave [v] - strongly want, desire
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ an addict [n] - a person who is addicted to a drug
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ heroin [n] - an illegal (and very addictive) drug
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ an opiate [n] - a drug made from opium
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ kick off [phv] - trigger, start
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ go cold turkey [exp] - quit using something completely
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ biobehavioural [adj] - related to the processes and systems of life
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ synchrony [n] - matching, synchronized
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ physiology [n] - related to the parts of the body
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ fire off [phv] - trigger, start
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ bonded [v] - connected, mated, married
  • ☐ ☐ ☐ engage [v] - activate

[n] - noun,  [v] - verb, [phv] - phrasal verb,  [adj] - adjective,  [exp] - expression


triangle Comprehension Questions 이해력 검사 문제 Perguntas de compreensão Preguntas de comprensión

  1. Humans are one of the ______ cooperative species on the planet.
    most
    least

  2. Human cooperation is unique because it _____ and _____.
    lasts for a relatively long time
    lasts for a relatively short time
    occurs among many types of individuals
    occurs among very few types of individuals

  3. One reason humans must cooperate is that human babies ______.
    are very large
    are born too soon
    have very little hair
    require a lot of food

  4. Human cooperation is stressful because ______.
    we have to live with many types of people
    we also have to compete for resources
    it offers no evolutionary benefit
    it lasts for a long time

  5. The purpose of love is _____.
    to motivate humans to work together
    to motivate humans to have babies
    to help humans find resources
    to help humans be creative

  6. Four chemicals in your ______ are related to love.
    heart
    brain
    genitals

  7. These four chemicals both ______ and ______ being in a relationship.
    manipulate
    motivate
    reward
    restrict
    require

  8. Being away from a person you love causes _______.
    dependence on other relationships
    a craving for drugs like heroin
    withdrawal similar to a drug addiction
    an increase in neurochemicals in your brain

  9. Biobehavioural synchrony occurs when ______ and ______ start to match the person whom you are with.
    your neurochemicals
    your body functions
    your way of thinking
    your physical actions
    your facial expressions

  10. Biobehavioural synchrony can occur with ______.
    your pets
    your lover
    your friends
    your children
    your neighbors


triangle TOEFL Questions TOEFL 문제 Perguntas do TOEFL Preguntas de TOEFL

  1. What is the discussion mainly about?
    (A) The advantages and disadvantages of romantic love
    (B) How neurochemicals motivate humans to form long lasting relationships
    (C) The effects of drug use on the how humans feel love
    (D) The best ways to maintain survival critical relationships

  2. Which of these points does the woman NOT make?
    (A) Humans are likely the most cooperative species on Earth.
    (B) Human children are very dependent on their parents.
    (C) Human babies require love to survive.
    (D) Maintaining cooperative relationships is stressful.

  3. Why does the woman say that cooperation is really stressful?
    (A) Humans must compete for resources.
    (B) Humans are often competing for mates.
    (C) Human children do not naturally cooperate.
    (D) Neurochemicals in humans' brains makes cooperation addicitive.

  4. What does the man mean when he says this?

    (A) The feeling of love loss is similar to the feeling hunger.
    (B) Breaking up is similar to suddenly quitting a drug that you are addicted to.
    (C) The end of a relationship can affect physiological characteristics like body temperature.
    (D) The love people have for a mate is similar to their love of their favorite food.

  5. According to the woman, which neurochemical is particularly addictive?
    (A) oxytocin
    (B) heroin
    (C) dopamine
    (D) beta endorphin

  6. When you are with someone that you love, which physiological characteristics synchronize with your partner?
    [Choose 3 answers.]
    (A) appetite
    (B) heart rate
    (C) perspiration
    (D) body temperature
    (E) blood pressure
    (F) blood-alcohol level


triangle Sentence Building 문장 만들기 Construção de sentença Construcción de oraciones [ ? ]

Summary

This activity is designed to improve sentence accuracy and complexity. Most students can produce the key content words in a sentence. However, they have difficulty with accuracy because the functional words are difficult or can seem unimportant. This activity will help learners eliminate problems with these functional words by giving them immediate feedback on the mistakes they are making. It will also help students develop their use of more natural, varied and complex sentence structures.

TIP: Say the sentence out loud. Notice the types of mistake you make often. Focus on those types of errors. (singular/plural, subject-verb agreement, article use, prepositions, gerunds and infinitives, noun clauses, adjective clauses, word order, and word forms.)

Resumen

Esta actividad está diseñada para mejorar la precisión y complejidad de las oraciones. La mayoría de los estudiantes pueden producir las palabras clave del contenido en una oración. Sin embargo, tienen dificultades con la precisión porque las palabras funcionales son difíciles o pueden parecer poco importantes. Esta actividad ayudará a los alumnos a eliminar problemas con estas palabras funcionales al brindarles retroalimentación inmediata sobre los errores que están cometiendo. También ayudará a los estudiantes a desarrollar su uso de estructuras de oraciones más naturales, variadas y complejas.

CONSEJO: Diga la oración en voz alta. Observe los tipos de errores que comete con frecuencia. Concéntrese en ese tipo de errores. (singular / plural, concordancia entre sujeto y verbo, uso del artículo, preposiciones, gerundios e infinitivos, cláusulas sustantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, orden de las palabras y formas de las palabras).

요약

이 액티비티는 문장의 정확성과 복잡성을 개선하기 위해 고안되었습니다. 대부분의 학생들은 문장에서 핵심 내용 단어를 생성 할 수 있습니다. 그러나 기능적 단어가 어렵거나 중요하지 않은 것처럼 보일 수 있기 때문에 정확성에 어려움이 있습니다. 이 액티비티는 학습자가 실수에 대한 즉각적인 피드백을 제공함으로써 이러한 기능적 단어의 문제를 제거하는 데 도움이 됩니다. 또한 학생들이 보다 자연스럽고 다양하며 복잡한 문장 구조를 사용하는 데 도움이 됩니다.

팁 : 문장을 크게 말하세요. 자주 저지르는 실수 유형과, 이러한 유형의 오류에 집중하세요. (단수 / 복수, 주어-동사 일치, 관사 사용, 전치사, 동명사 및 부정사, 명사절, 형용사절, 어순 및 단어 형태)

Resumo

Esta atividade foi desenvolvida para melhorar a precisão e a complexidade das frases. A maioria dos alunos pode produzir as palavras-chave do conteúdo em uma frase. No entanto, eles têm dificuldade com precisão porque as palavras funcionais são difíceis ou podem parecer sem importância. Esta atividade ajudará os alunos a eliminar problemas com essas palavras funcionais, dando-lhes feedback imediato sobre os erros que estão cometendo. Também ajudará os alunos a desenvolver o uso de estruturas de sentenças mais naturais, variadas e complexas.

DICA: Diga a frase em voz alta. Observe os tipos de erro que você comete com frequência. Concentre-se nesses tipos de erros. (singular/plural, concordância sujeito-verbo, uso de artigos, preposições, gerúndios e infinitivos, cláusulas substantivas, cláusulas adjetivas, ordem das palavras e formas das palavras.)

Directions: Write sentences about the video clip using the words given. You can change the word form or add words, but you cannot change the word order.
( ) = optional   [ ] = necessary

Instrucciones: Escriba oraciones sobre el videoclip usando las palabras dadas. Puede cambiar la forma de la palabra o agregar palabras, pero no puede cambiar el orden de las palabras.

Instrucciones: Escreva orações sobre o videoclipe usando as palavras-chave. Você pode alterar a forma da palavra ou adicionar palavras, mas não pode alterar a ordem das palavras.

지시 : 주어진 단어를 사용하여 비디오 클립에 대한 문장을 씁니다. 어형을 변경하거나 단어를 추가할 수 있지만 어순은 변경할 수 없습니다.



Sentence 1

human / very / cooperate / in / term / who / they / cooperate / and / long / cooperate


Humans are very cooperative in terms of who they cooperate with and how long they cooperate.



Sentence 2

because / human / baby / born / too / soon / they / very / depend / parent


Because human babies are born too soon, they are very dependent on their parents.



Sentence 3

therefore / human / need / cooperate / raise / child


Therefore, humans need to cooperate (in order) to raise (their) children.



Sentence 4

love / motivate / human / adult / maintain / relationship / critical / survival


Love motivates human adults to maintain relationships (that are) critical for survival.



Sentence 5

there / four / neurochemical / related / love / oxytocin / dopamine / serotonin / beta / endorphin


There are four neurochemicals (that/which are) related to love: oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin, and beta endorphin.



Sentence 6

human / become / addict / these / chemical / so / they / go / withdrawal / when / they / separate / people / they / love


Humans become addicted to these chemicals, so they go through withdrawal when they are separated from (the) people (whom/that) they love.



Sentence 7

beta / endorphin / most / addictive / four / neurochemical


Beta endorphin is the most addictive [of/among] the four neurochemicals.



Sentence 8

when / you / spend / time / someone / you / love / you / mirror / each / other / body / behavior / and / body / language


When you spend time with someone you love, you mirror each other's body behavior and body language.



Sentence 9

they / also / start / mirror / each / other / term / heart / rate / body / temperature / blood / pressure


They also start to mirror each other in terms of heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure.



Sentence 10

neurochemical / level / brain / also / sychronize


The neurochemical levels in their brains also sychronize.
The neurochemical levels in their brains also become sychronized.



Sentence 11

these / reaction / ensure / people / remain / as / tight / bond / possible


These reactions ensure (that) people remain as tightly bonded as possible.



triangle Discussion 논의 Questões de discussão Discusión

  1. According to this clip, how is love like a drug?
  2. Can you think of some other ways in which love is like a drug? How is love different from a drug?
  3. The woman says that your heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature will synchronize if you are with someone whom you love. Do you think you have experienced this? Can you describe the experience?
  4. They say that breaking up is similar chemically to going cold turkey. What do they mean? Have you experienced this feeling of withdrawal after breaking up?
  5. What other activities cause humans to produce these neurochemicals or hormones (oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin, beta endorphin)? Do you think these activities are also addictive?
  6. The woman implies that humans are the most cooperative animal on Earth. Do you agree? What other animals are highly cooperative?

triangle Script 대본 Roteiro Texto

Let's begin with the evolution of love. So why did nature equip us with this Behavior?

Okay so we are arguably the most cooperative species on the planet - both in terms of how many different sorts of people we cooperate with, all the different ways we have to cooperate, and how long those cooperative relationships last.

You know, we can be with people for decades and decades and decades.

And this is partly due to a sort of an anomaly an anatomical quirk that occurred. We've got really massive brains and we walk on two legs, and therefore, for example, we need each other's help to raise our children because our children are very dependent. They're born far too soon so that that big brain can fit through the birth canal. So we have very dependent children.

And we if you think of all the people who feed into your children's lives - your friends, your family, professionals, whoever it might be, we are cooperating to raise those children.

The problem is cooperation is really stressful. We have to compete for resources. We have to coordinate with each other. We have to exist in these really stressful hierarchies. So we need something that's going to motivate and reward us for carrying out these survival critical relationships even though they're really really tough sometimes.

And the answer to that evolution came up with is love.

So basically love is biological bribery. It's something that we get given to reward us and and make sure that we carry on trying.

Now since evolution has equipped us for love, it's clearly got some deep biological roots. And some of these roots work like, as you write in your book, like an addiction. Tell me about that.

Yeah. So we have four different neurochemicals that come into the mix when you are falling in love and when you're in love. And some of them, you will have heard of. So we've got oxytocin, dopamine, serotonin, and beta endorphin.

And they variously motivate and reward you for starting relationships. And then they addict you to the person that you're with to make sure that you stick around. And that if you separate from them for whatever reason, you go out to work whatever it might be, you go on a work trip, you start to crave that person like an addict craves heroin. And that draws you back to the person.

And the reason why they are addictive, and the reason why beta endorphin in particular is so addictive, is it's your body's opiate.

So it is a highly addictive chemical like heroin, like morphine, and it uses the same mechanism to make sure you stick with the people you love.

So the chemistry between two people really is chemistry?

Oh completely. Yes. What you feel when you when you have that chemical spark, what you're feeling in particular, are oxytocin and dopamine kicking off in your brain.

So when people talk about chemistry, that's that's what they're talking about. They're talking about the natural chemical reaction going on in your brain.

Well if love is an addiction like that, you compare the breakdown of a relationship to going cold turkey. Is it really like that?

It is because you basically go into a form of chemical and opiate withdrawal. And so you have this actual physical sensation of pain that occurs, but you also obviously have that psychological pain which comes from having been very closely attached to someone. And you undergo a really intense separation distress.

How else is our biology built for love?

We have this amazing phenomenon which is known as biobehavioural synchrony. And I think, in one sense, this sums up to me how critical love is to our survival.

The way biobehavioural synchrony works is is when you're with somebody you love, and it might be your lover, it might be a close friend, it might be your child, what you notice with people, and you will have noticed this when they're together, people mirror each other in terms of their their body behavior, their body language.

But if you look inside their body, what's happening at the same time is their physiology comes into synchrony. So their heart rate, their body temperature, their blood pressure, also match each other.

And then if you look into the brain, we see matching synchrony in activations of the brain, so the areas of the brain that are firing off. And we see synchrony in the levels of those neurochemicals we've been talking about.

And so what's happened is evolution thinks this is so critical that you bond to this person as tightly as possible, that it's actually engaged every mechanism in your body to make sure that you are as tightly bonded to that other person as possible. And that's really how important love is.

I think it's the most astonishing phenomenon.